Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry AMD) is the most common form of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), affecting the macula—the central part of the retina responsible for detailed vision.

The condition develops gradually as the cells of the macula become damaged over time. Changes in the retina may include the accumulation of deposits called drusen and gradual loss of retinal cells, which can affect central vision.

Many people with early Dry AMD experience few or no symptoms. However, as the condition progresses, it can make everyday activities such as reading, recognising faces, driving, and performing detailed tasks increasingly difficult.

In some people, Dry AMD can progress to an advanced form known as Geographic Atrophy (GA), where areas of retinal cells permanently degenerate and lead to more significant vision loss.

Although there is currently no cure for Dry AMD, advances in research are improving understanding of the condition and leading to new approaches aimed at slowing progression and preserving vision.

Retina International works with people affected by AMD, patient organisations, researchers, clinicians, and partners worldwide to improve awareness, support access to care, and ensure that patient experiences inform research and innovation.

Dry AMD is a progressive retinal condition that affects the macula, the area of the retina responsible for sharp central vision.

The macula allows us to:

• Read and recognise words
• Identify faces
• See fine details
• Drive and navigate safely
• Perform close-up activities

In Dry AMD, the cells that support the macula gradually become damaged.

One of the earliest signs of Dry AMD is the development of drusen—small deposits that form beneath the retina between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and another layer called Bruch’s membrane.

The presence of drusen does not always mean that significant vision loss will occur, but larger or increasing numbers of drusen may indicate a higher risk of progression.

Dry AMD is generally classified into stages:

Early Dry AMD

Early changes may include small or medium-sized drusen with little or no impact on vision.

Many people are unaware they have AMD at this stage and may only be diagnosed during a routine eye examination.

Intermediate Dry AMD

As the disease progresses, drusen may increase in size and number.

People may begin experiencing:

• Difficulty seeing in low light
• Reduced contrast sensitivity
• Longer adjustment times between bright and dark environments

A diagnosis of Dry AMD can be challenging, but many people continue to live active and independent lives with appropriate support.

People living with Dry AMD may benefit from:

• Understanding how their vision is changing
• Using assistive technologies
• Adapting lighting and environments
• Accessing low vision services
• Staying connected with support communities

The emotional impact of vision changes is also important. Support from healthcare professionals, family, friends, and patient organisations can help people adapt and maintain independence.

Patient experiences are essential in shaping research priorities and ensuring that future treatments address the outcomes that matter most to people living with AMD.