Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the pathway that connects the eye to the brain and allows us to see. While glaucoma is not a retinal condition, it is an important cause of vision loss and is often considered alongside other vision-related diseases because it affects the way visual information is transmitted.

The most common form of glaucoma is associated with increased pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure), which can gradually damage the optic nerve. However, glaucoma can also occur when eye pressure is within the normal range.

Glaucoma often develops slowly and may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Because vision loss caused by glaucoma is usually permanent, early detection, regular eye examinations, and appropriate treatment are essential.

Retina International recognises the importance of understanding all conditions that affect vision and supports access to information, research, and communities that help people affected by vision loss.

Glaucoma refers to a group of progressive eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve.

The optic nerve contains millions of nerve fibres that carry visual information from the retina to the brain. When these fibres become damaged, areas of vision may gradually be lost.

Glaucoma-related vision loss often begins with peripheral (side) vision, and many people may not notice changes until significant damage has occurred.

There are several types of glaucoma, including:

• Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) – the most common form, developing gradually over time.
• Angle-Closure Glaucoma – occurs when the drainage angle of the eye becomes blocked, causing a rapid increase in eye pressure.
• Normal-Tension Glaucoma – optic nerve damage occurs despite normal eye pressure.
• Secondary Glaucoma – develops as a result of another condition, medication, injury, or eye disease.
• Congenital or Childhood Glaucoma – rare forms that affect infants and children.

Living with glaucoma often involves ongoing management and regular eye care.

People affected may benefit from:

• Attending scheduled eye appointments
• Taking medications as prescribed
• Understanding changes in vision
• Using low-vision support services where needed
• Making adaptations to maintain independence

Because glaucoma can affect peripheral vision, some people may experience challenges with:

• Mobility
• Driving
• Navigating unfamiliar environments
• Reading and daily activities

Support from healthcare professionals and patient communities can help people adapt and maintain quality of life.