Myopia, commonly known as short-sightedness or nearsightedness, is a common vision condition in which distant objects appear blurred while close objects can usually be seen more clearly.

Myopia occurs when the eye’s shape causes light to focus in front of the retina rather than directly on it. It often develops during childhood and adolescence and can progress as the eyes grow.

While mild myopia can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses, higher levels of myopia can increase the risk of developing serious eye conditions later in life, including retinal detachment, myopic macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts.

The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide, making it an important public health priority. Advances in research, early detection, and myopia management are creating new opportunities to slow its progression and reduce the risk of future vision complications.

Retina International works with patient organisations, researchers, clinicians, and communities worldwide to raise awareness of retinal health, advance research, strengthen patient participation, and improve outcomes for people affected by vision conditions, including complications associated with high myopia.

Myopia is a refractive error in which distant objects appear blurred because light entering the eye does not focus correctly on the retina.

The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that converts light into electrical signals, which are transmitted to the brain to create vision. In a myopic eye, the eyeball is often longer than average from front to back, or the cornea is too curved relative to the length of the eye. As a result, light focuses in front of the retina rather than directly on its surface.

Myopia commonly develops during childhood and may progress throughout the school years and into early adulthood. The degree of myopia varies between individuals, from mild short-sightedness to high myopia, which is associated with a greater risk of retinal and other eye complications.

Myopia is generally classified according to its severity. High myopia is commonly defined as a refractive error of −6.00 dioptres or more in the negative direction, although definitions may vary. Pathological myopia refers to myopia associated with structural changes in the back of the eye that can lead to vision loss.

Understanding the difference between ordinary myopia, high myopia, and pathological myopia is important because the risks and management needs can differ significantly.

Living with myopia often involves regular eye examinations, appropriate vision correction, and, for children with progressive myopia, decisions about longer-term management.

With suitable care and support, most people with myopia can maintain good functional vision. However, individuals with high or pathological myopia may need additional monitoring and support because of the increased risk of vision-threatening complications.

Support and management may include:

• Regular eye examinations
• Appropriate glasses or contact lenses
• Myopia management advice for children and families
• Healthy visual habits and outdoor activity
• Information about high myopia and associated risks
• Retinal monitoring when clinically indicated
• Access to specialist eye care
• Connection with patient organisations and support networks

The experiences and priorities of people living with myopia and its complications are important in shaping research, healthcare services, public awareness, and advocacy efforts.