Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss among older adults worldwide. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision used for reading, recognising faces, driving, and performing many everyday tasks.

AMD develops gradually as the retina changes with age. While it does not usually cause complete blindness because peripheral (side) vision is often preserved, it can significantly affect central vision and a person’s ability to live independently.

The condition exists in two main forms:

• Dry AMD, the most common form, which develops gradually over time.
• Wet AMD, a less common but more aggressive form that can cause rapid vision loss if left untreated.

An advanced stage of Dry AMD is known as Geographic Atrophy (GA), where areas of retinal cells progressively degenerate.

Significant advances in retinal research have transformed the diagnosis and management of AMD. Effective treatments are now available for Wet AMD, while new therapies for Geographic Atrophy are providing hope for slowing disease progression.

Retina International works with patient organisations, clinicians, researchers, policymakers, and industry partners worldwide to improve awareness of AMD, promote equitable access to diagnosis and treatment, and ensure that the voices of people living with macular disease help shape research and healthcare decisions.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration is a progressive retinal disease that affects the macula, the small central area of the retina responsible for high-resolution central vision.

The macula enables us to:

• Read text
• Recognise faces
• Drive safely
• See fine detail
• Distinguish colours
• Perform close-up tasks

As AMD progresses, damage to the macula causes central vision to become blurred or distorted. Peripheral vision usually remains unaffected, meaning people rarely become completely blind from AMD.

There are two main forms of the disease:

Dry AMD

Dry AMD accounts for approximately 80–90% of all AMD cases. It develops gradually as retinal cells become damaged and deposits known as drusen accumulate beneath the retina.

Over time, some people with Dry AMD develop Geographic Atrophy, an advanced stage characterised by irreversible loss of retinal cells.

Wet AMD

Wet AMD develops when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina. These fragile vessels leak blood and fluid, damaging the macula and causing rapid central vision loss if not treated promptly.

Although Wet AMD affects fewer people than Dry AMD, it is responsible for the majority of severe vision loss associated with AMD.

Living with AMD often involves adapting to gradual changes in central vision.

Many people continue to lead active and independent lives with appropriate treatment, support, and rehabilitation.

Support strategies may include:

• Low vision services
• Magnifiers and assistive technology
• Accessible digital devices
• Orientation and mobility support
• Emotional wellbeing services
• Peer support groups

Regular eye examinations and adherence to treatment plans are important for maintaining vision and quality of life.

Patient organisations also provide valuable education, practical advice, and opportunities to connect with others affected by AMD.